Poverty in Brazil
Inequalities, Demography & Democracy
Dasha Permyakova
To What Extent has the Industrialization of Brazil Contributed to Severe Local Problems?
Brazil is among the most influential democracies in regional and global affairs, and in recent years has emerged as an increasingly important voice in debates over international responses to human rights problems. At home, the country continues to confront serious human rights challenges, including unlawful police killings, the use of torture, prison overcrowding, and ongoing impunity for abuses committed during the country’s military rule (1964-1985).
Brazil's problem is the social inequality that is considered to be the main problem of the country and flagrantly interferes with the growth of the economy. Because of the unequal distribution of income in Brazil, there are high levels of poverty. The economic condition of any country depends on social equality and well-being, no different than Brazil. Brazil is also at the low level of human development, which puts her in 69th place in the world. Most of the money goes to the rich from the poor strata of the population, it takes more than 10% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product), while the armed forces takes only 2% of GDP. The so-called "social war" really undermines the country's economy, since it takes up a lot of money, which is unacceptable in this case. There is a certain coefficient, which indicates the deviation of the actual distribution of income to the ideal distribution. According to this ratio Brazil has a terrible distribution of income. An excellent yield, which can compensate for the inequality is greater taxation of wealthy segments of the population and subsidising the poor.
Brazil Urbanization Levels are really high?
Most of the Brazilian population is youth, which significantly increases the population, due to the high birth rate. Also, the urban population grows rapidly due to relocation of rural residents into the city. Child labor in Brazil is a sad fact. In Brazil, there are 4 million children aged between five and seventeen years. But thanks to the efforts to eliminate child labor, which began in the 90s, the level of child labor has decreased markedly, although not ceased to manifest itself. Even today, children work in Brazil.
Social inequality and inadequate social policy
The main problem in Brazil, constraining its economic growth and hindering the progress in the field of education and science - are the glaring social inequalities.
Resourceful dependent countries, such as Brazil, face many social problems. One of the main problems is the growth of social inequality, which is a manifestation of inequality of income distribution and increasing poverty. With regard to poverty there is the unanimous opinion of economists and politicians, that is evil, and it must be fought. With regard to the alignment distribution of wealth as there is no unanimous opinion. It is believed that income inequality acts as an incentive for economic activity and is a driving force of economic development. On the other hand, empirical studies show that the higher the level of income inequality, as measured by, for example, the Gini coefficient (coefficient, which indicates the degree of deviation of actual income distribution from the ideal uniform distribution), the lower the rate of economic growth is.
Studies of inequality have shown that indicators of "social health" are worse in countries where there is more income inequality. In 2004, the human development index in Brazil was 0.792, which corresponds to the 69 place in the world. Worsening social conditions contributes to the form of the national income distribution.
As a result of increased social tension, some countries, among them Brazil, are now spending on "social war" more money than on national defence. Brazil spends 2% of GDP on the armed forces and more than 10.6% on protecting the rich against the despair of the poor.
To compensate for the uneven distribution of income, many researchers suggest conducting effective public redistributive policies and measures aimed at the improvement of the credit market. State redistribution policy with imperfect credit market usually involves the taxation of individuals with high incomes and subsidies from the funds received needy, but more productive members of society to provide them with additional features. An example is the state educational policy, which allows to eliminate the unequal opportunities in education. In a perfect credit market income inequality and start feature eliminates the availability of industrial and educational loans. State needs redistribution in this case does not occur. As in one and in the other cases, the distribution becomes more uniform, and increasing total investment, which leads to an increase in growth.
The level of urbanization is high and amounts to 84%. At the same time 15% of the population (30 million people) live below the poverty line. The composition of the population of Brazil is dominated by young people, and this explains the high rate of fertility. Although the fertility rate in rural areas is much higher, the urban population is growing very rapidly due to a significant influx of population from rural areas. The resettlement of peasants to the cities has become a major problem in Brazil. Since social services such as schooling, health, housing, energy, transport and communications, have long ceased to satisfy the needs of the population, this gap is able to further delve into the rapid population growth.
Resourceful dependent countries, such as Brazil, face many social problems. One of the main problems is the growth of social inequality, which is a manifestation of inequality of income distribution and increasing poverty. With regard to poverty there is the unanimous opinion of economists and politicians, that is evil, and it must be fought. With regard to the alignment distribution of wealth as there is no unanimous opinion. It is believed that income inequality acts as an incentive for economic activity and is a driving force of economic development. On the other hand, empirical studies show that the higher the level of income inequality, as measured by, for example, the Gini coefficient (coefficient, which indicates the degree of deviation of actual income distribution from the ideal uniform distribution), the lower the rate of economic growth is.
Studies of inequality have shown that indicators of "social health" are worse in countries where there is more income inequality. In 2004, the human development index in Brazil was 0.792, which corresponds to the 69 place in the world. Worsening social conditions contributes to the form of the national income distribution.
As a result of increased social tension, some countries, among them Brazil, are now spending on "social war" more money than on national defence. Brazil spends 2% of GDP on the armed forces and more than 10.6% on protecting the rich against the despair of the poor.
To compensate for the uneven distribution of income, many researchers suggest conducting effective public redistributive policies and measures aimed at the improvement of the credit market. State redistribution policy with imperfect credit market usually involves the taxation of individuals with high incomes and subsidies from the funds received needy, but more productive members of society to provide them with additional features. An example is the state educational policy, which allows to eliminate the unequal opportunities in education. In a perfect credit market income inequality and start feature eliminates the availability of industrial and educational loans. State needs redistribution in this case does not occur. As in one and in the other cases, the distribution becomes more uniform, and increasing total investment, which leads to an increase in growth.
The level of urbanization is high and amounts to 84%. At the same time 15% of the population (30 million people) live below the poverty line. The composition of the population of Brazil is dominated by young people, and this explains the high rate of fertility. Although the fertility rate in rural areas is much higher, the urban population is growing very rapidly due to a significant influx of population from rural areas. The resettlement of peasants to the cities has become a major problem in Brazil. Since social services such as schooling, health, housing, energy, transport and communications, have long ceased to satisfy the needs of the population, this gap is able to further delve into the rapid population growth.
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